Project - BORDER ALERT SYSTEM FOR MARINE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM

BORDER ALERT SYSTEM FOR MARINE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 ABSTRACT

In this modern, fast moving and insecure world, it is become basic necessity to be
aware of one’s safety. Maximum risks occur for fishermen in situations where they
travel on a boat for fishing. In some situations they should not move after some
point and they should not enter into other countries area. There is a real necessity in
designing a system that can track the vehicle and send the information about the
vehicle to the concerned person and alert the fishermen also.

1.INTRODUCTION

GPS (Global Positioning System) is increasingly being used for a wide range of

applications. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to

worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or

near the Earth. GPS is made up of three segments: Space, Control and User. GPS

has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map—

making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, tracking and surveillance, and 

hobbies such as geo—caching and way marking.

The main objective of this review paper to help Fishermen by providing alert when

they cross other country's border and alert generate this application also works in

GPS enable mobile device and specific GPS instrument.

2.SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 MPLAB- FOR PIC
 VISUAL BASIC – FOR PC

2.2HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 AIR VELOCITY SENSOR
 GPS
 RF TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
 ENCODER AND DECODER
 ZIGBEE
 PIC
 RS 232
 RELAY
 ALARM
 DRIVER CIRCUIT

3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 VISUAL BASIC
Visual Basic (VB) is a third-generation event-driven programming language and
integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM
programming model first released in 1991. Visual Basic is designed to be relatively
easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid
application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications,
access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX
Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages
such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform
differently.
A programmer can put together an application using the components provided with
Visual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows
API, but doing so requires external function declarations. Though the program has
received criticism for its perceived faults, from version 3 Visual Basic was a
runaway commercial success, and many companies offered third party controls
greatly extending its functionality.
The final release was version 6 in 1998. Microsoft's extended support ended in
March 2008 and the designated successor was Visual Basic .NET (now known
simply as Visual Basic).

3.2 MPLAB
MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides
development engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for
various Microchip devices
MPLAB IDE is a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment for the
Microchip Technology Incorporated PICmicrocontroller (MCU) and dsPIC digital
signal controller (DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE, you can:
 Create source code using the built-in editor.
 Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An
assembler, linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are
available from Microchip and other third party vendors.
 Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such
as MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE.
Third party emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.
 Make timing measurements.
 View variables in Watch windows.
 Program firmware into devices with programmers such as PICSTART Plus or
PRO MATE II.
 Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.

3.2.1 MPLAB SIMULATOR
MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the PIC microcontroller (MCU)
families. It is integrated into MPLAB IDE integrated development environment.
The MPLAB SIM debugging tool is designed to model operation of Microchip
Technology's PIC microcontrollers to assist users in debugging software for these
devices

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

4.2.1 PIC

CONCEPTS OF MICROCONTROLLER :

 Microcontroller is a general 

purpose device, which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor 

system on to single chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory and peripherals to make it as 

a mini computer. A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip: 

 The CPU core

 Memory(both ROM and RAM)

 Some parallel digital i/o

Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

 A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain 

time periods.

 A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the controller and other 

devices such as a PIC or another microcontroller.

 An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for 

processing.

Microcontrollers are :

 Smaller in size

 Consumes less power

 Inexpensive

 Micro controller is a stand alone unit ,which can perform functions on its 

own without any requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and external 

memory.

The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally
been based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800
microprocessor core in their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been
developed around specifically designed CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC
range of microcontrollers.

INTRODUCTION TO PIC :
 The microcontroller that has been used for this
project is from PIC series. PIC microcontroller is the first RISC based
microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complimentary metal oxide semiconductor)
that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing simultaneous access of
program and data memory.
 The main advantage of CMOS and RISC
combination is low power consumption resulting in a very small chip size with a
small pin count. The main advantage of CMOS is that it has immunity to noise than
other fabrication techniques.

PIC (16F877) :
 Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of
memories. EEPROM, EPROM, FLASH etc. are some of the memories of which
FLASH is the most recently developed. Technology that is used in pic16F877 is
flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is switched off.
Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877.

PIC START PLUS PROGRAMMER :
 The PIC start plus development system from
microchip technology provides the product development engineer with a highly
flexible low cost microcontroller design tool set for all microchip PIC micro
devices. The picstart plus development system includes PIC start plus development
programmer and mplab ide.
The PIC start plus programmer gives the product developer
ability to program user software in to any of the supported microcontrollers. The
PIC start plus software running under mplab provides for full interactive control
over the programmer.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF PIC MICROCONTROLLER :
CORE FEATURES :
• High-performance RISC CPU
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input
 DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
 Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
 Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73/74/76/77
• Interrupt capability (up to 14 internal/external
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
• Power-on Reset (POR)
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable
operation
• Programmable code-protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
• Only single 5V source needed for programming capability
• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
• Processor read/write access to program memory
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
• Low-power consumption:
 < 2mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz
 20mA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
 < 1mA typical standby current

ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F877 :
 The complete architecture of PIC
16F877 is shown in the fig 5.2. Table gives details about the specifications of PIC
16F877. Fig 5.2 shows the complete pin diagram of the IC PIC 16F877.

I/O PORTS :

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate 

function for the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is 

enabled, that pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. 

 Additional Information on I/O ports may be found in the IC 

micro™ Mid-Range Reference Manual.

PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER :

PORTA is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding 

data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (=1) will make the 

corresponding PORTA pin an input, i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a 

Hi-impedance mode. Clearing a TRISA bit (=0) will make the corresponding 

PORTA pin an output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. 

Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins whereas writing to it will 

write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. 

Therefore a write to a port implies that the port pins are read; this value is modified, 

and then written to the port data latch. Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 

module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a 

Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other RA port pins have TTL 

input levels and full CMOS output drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with 

analog inputs and analog VREF input. The operation of each pin is selected by 

clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1). 

 The TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins, even when they 

are being used as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register 

are maintained set when using them as analog inputs.

 PORTB AND THE TRISB REGISTER :
 PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding
data direction register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (=1) will make the
corresponding PORTB pin an input, i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a hi￾impedance mode. Clearing a TRISB bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTB
pin an output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. Three
pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function;
RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. The alternate functions of these pins are
described in the Special Features Section. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak
internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed
by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>). The weak pull-up is automatically
turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on
a Power-on Reset.

PORTC AND THE TRISC REGISTER :
PORTC is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data
direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (=1) will make the corresponding
PORTC pin an input, i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance
mode. Clearing a TRISC bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an
output, i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. PORTC is
multiplexed with several peripheral functions. PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger
input buffers. When the I2C module is enabled, the PORTC (3:4) pins can be
configured with normal I2C levels or with SMBUS levels by using the CKE bit
(SSPSTAT <6>). When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in
defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin. Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to
make a pin an output, while other peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an
input. Since the TRIS bit override is in effect while the peripheral is enabled, read￾modify write instructions (BSF, BCF, XORWF) with TRISC as destination should
be avoided. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for the
correct TRIS bit settings.


PORTD AND THE TRISD REGISTERS :
 This section is not applicable to the 28-pin devices. PORTD is an 8-
bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as
an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor Port
(parallel slave port) by setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the
input buffers are TTL.

PORTE AND THE TRISE REGISTER :
 PORTE has three pins RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and
RE2/CS/AN7, which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins
have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.The PORTE pins become control inputs for the
microprocessor port when bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. In this mode, the user
must make sure that the TRISE<2:0> bits are set (pins are configured as digital
inputs). Ensure ADCON1 is configured for digital I/O. In this mode the input
buffers are TTL.PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs.

MEMORY ORGANISATION :
There are three memory blocks in each of the
PIC16F877 MUC’s. The program memory and Data Memory have separate buses
so that concurrent access can occur.

PROGRAM MEMORY ORGANISATION :
The PIC16f877 devices have a 13-bit
program counter capable of addressing 8K *14 words of FLASH program memory.
Accessing a location above the physically implemented address will cause a
wraparound.
The RESET vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.


4.2.2 LCD DISPLAY
INTRODUCTION:
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties
of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a
temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would
be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. An
LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent
electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric
layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the
liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
 One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
direction. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two
polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD
without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient
voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in
a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the
polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s
consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and
can be powered for long durations. The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light
is needed to read the display. The LCD’s have long life and a wide operating
temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple
which makes the LCD’s more customer friendly.
The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring
instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of
numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility,
more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have
resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and
entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray
tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV
applications.

POWERSUPPLY:
 The power supply should be of +5V, with maximum allowable transients of
10mv. To achieve a better / suitable contrast for the display, the voltage (VL) at pin
3 should be adjusted properly.
A module should not be inserted or removed from a live circuit. The ground
terminal of the power supply must be isolated properly so that no voltage is induced
in it. The module should be isolated from the other circuits, so that stray voltages
are not induced, which could cause a flickering display.

INTERFACING THE MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLER:
The module, interfaced to the system, can be treated as RAM input/output,
expanded or parallel I/O.Since there is no conventional chip select signal,
developing a strobe signal for the enable signal (E) and applying appropriate signals
to the register select (RS) and read/write (R/W) signals are important.The module is
selected by gating a decoded module – address with the host – processor’s
read/write strobe. The resultant signal, applied to the LCDs enable (E) input, clocks
in the data.The ‘E’ signal must be a positive going digital strobe, which is active
while data and control information are stable and true. The falling edge of the
enable signal enables the data / instruction register of the controller. All module
timings are referenced to specific edges of the ‘E’ signal. The ‘E’ signal is applied
only when a specific module transaction is desired

The read and write strobes of the host, which provides the ‘E’ signals, should not be
linked to the module’s R/W line. An address bit which sets up earlier in the host’s
machine cycle can be used as R/W.When the host processor is so fast that the
strobes are too narrow to serve as the ‘E’ pulse
a. Prolong these pulses by using the hosts ‘Ready’ input
b. Prolong the host by adding wait states
c. Decrease the Hosts Crystal frequency.
Inspite of doing the above mentioned, if the problem continues, latch both the data
and control information and then activate the ‘E’ signal
When the controller is performing an internal operation he busy flag (BF) will set
and will not accept any instruction. The user should check the busy flag or should
provide a delay of approximately 2ms after each instruction.The module presents
no difficulties while interfacing slower MPUs.The liquid crystal display module
can be interfaced, either to 4-bit or 8-bit MPUs.
For 4-bit data interface, the bus lines DB4 to DB7 are used for data transfer, while
DB0 to DB3 lines are disabled. The data transfer is complete when the 4-bit data
has been transferred twice.
The busy flag must be checked after the 4-bit data has been transferred twice. Two
more 4-bit operations then transfer the busy flag and address counter data.For 8-bit
data interface, all eight-bus lines (DB0 to DB7)

4.2.3 AIR VELOCITY SENSOR
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a
common weather station instrument. The term is derived from the Greek
word anemos, meaning wind, and is used to describe any airspeed measurement
instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. The first known description of an
anemometer was given by Leon Battista Alberti around 1450.
Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that measure the wind's speed,
and those that measure the wind's pressure; but as there is a close connection
between the pressure and the speed, an anemometer designed for one will give
information about both.

The other forms of mechanical velocity anemometer may be described as belonging 

to the windmill type or propeller anemometer. In the Robinson anemometer the axis 

of rotation is vertical, but with this subdivision the axis of rotation must be parallel 

to the direction of the wind and therefore horizontal. Furthermore, since the wind 

varies in direction and the axis has to follow its changes, a wind vane or some other 

contrivance to fulfill the same purpose must be employed. An aerovane combines a 

propeller and a tail on the same axis to obtain accurate and precise wind speed and 

direction measurements from the same instrument. In cases where the direction of 

the air motion is always the same, as in the ventilating shafts of mines and buildings 

for instance, wind vanes, known as air meters are employed, and give most 

satisfactory results.

4.2.4 RF TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER:
Radio frequency (RF) radiation is a subset of electromagnetic radiation with
a wavelength of 100km to 1mm, which is a frequency of 3 KHz to 300 GHz,
respectively. This range of electromagnetic radiation constitutes the radio
spectrum and corresponds to the frequency of alternating current electrical signals
used to produce and detect radio waves. RF can refer to electromagnetic oscillations
in either electrical circuits or radiation through air and space. Like other subsets of
electromagnetic radiation, RF travels at the speed of light.
Radio communication:
In order to receive radio signals, for instance from AM/FM radio stations, a radio
antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio
signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency (or
frequency range). This is typically done via a resonator (in its simplest form, a
circuit with a capacitor and an inductor). The resonator is configured to resonate at a
particular frequency (or frequency band), thus amplifying sine waves at that radio
frequency, while ignoring other sine waves. Usually, either the inductor or the
capacitor of the resonator is adjustable, allowing the user to change the frequency at
which it resonates.
Special properties of RF electrical signals:
Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct
current signals. One such property is the ease with which they can ionize air to
create a conductive path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency'
units used in electric arc welding, although strictly speaking these machines do not
typically employ frequencies within the HF band. Another special property is an
electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface of conductors, known
as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths
that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The
degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.

Radio spectrum:
Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum
corresponding to radio frequencies – that is, frequencies lower than around
300 GHz (or, equivalently, wavelengths longer than about 1 mm).
Different parts of the radio spectrum are used for different radio transmission
technologies and applications. Radio spectrum is typically government regulated in
developed countries, and in some cases is sold or licensed to operators of private
radio transmission systems (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast
television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their
provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum)

4.2.5ENCODER AND DECODER
An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or
person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the
purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking
size.
A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding
so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is
usually just reversed in order to decode.
In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple￾output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input
and output codes are different. e.g. n-to-2
n
, binary-coded decimal decoders. Enable
inputs must be on for the decoder to function, otherwise its outputs assume a single
"disabled" output code word.
The example decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of an AND
gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High." Such output is called as
"active High output". If instead of AND gate, the NAND gate is connected the
output will be "Low" (0) only when all its inputs are "High". Such output is called
as "active low output".
A slightly more complex decoder would be the n-to-2
n
type binary
decoders. These type of decoders are combinational circuits that convert binary
information from 'n' coded inputs to a maximum of 2n
unique outputs. We say a
maximum of 2n
outputs because in case the 'n' bit coded information has unused bit
combinations, the decoder may have less than 2n
outputs. We can have 2-to-4
decoder, 3-to-8 decoder or 4-to-16 decoder. We can form a 3-to-8 decoder from two
2-to-4 decoders (with enable signals).
Similarly, we can also form a 4-to-16 decoder by combining two 3-to-8 decoders. In
this type of circuit design, the enable inputs of both 3-to-8 decoders originate from a
4th input, which acts as a selector between the two 3-to-8 decoders. This allows the
4th input to enable either the top or bottom decoder, which produces outputs of D(0)
through D(7) for the first decoder, and D(8) through D(15) for the second decoder.
A decoder that contains enable inputs is also known as a decoder-demultiplexer.
Thus, we have a 4-to-16 decoder produced by adding a 4th input shared among both
decoders, producing 16 outputs.

4.2.6 DRIVER CIRCUIT
In electronics, a driver is an electrical circuit or other electronic component
used to control another circuit or other component, such as a high-power transistor.
The term is used, for example, for a specialized computer chip that controls the
high-power transistors in AC-to-DC voltage converters. An amplifier can also be
considered the driver for loudspeakers, or a constant voltage circuit that keeps an
attached component operating within a broad range of input voltages.
The following circuit will allow you to drive a 12V relay using logic voltage
(an input of 4V or greater will trip the relay). The circuit has its own 12V power
supply making it self contained but the power supply portion can be left out if an
external supply will be used. The circuit shows an output from the power supply
that can be used to power other devices but it should be noted that the supply is
unregulated and not particulary powerful with the parts stated. The 12V DC output
is suitable for powering a few LEDs or low voltage lights but should not be used to
power other electronic boards or motors.


4.2.7 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of
the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a
second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low
voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is
no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is
magnetic and mechanical.
The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil.
The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these
devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of 

switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily 

available. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires 

directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the 

relay. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is 

switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts 

(SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.

4.2.8 ALARM

An alarm gives an audible or visual warning about a problem or condition.

Buzzer:

A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used 

in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It 

most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control 

unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and 

usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a 

warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. 

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or 

wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected 

devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough 

to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. 

Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a 

Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" 

circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

4.2.9 ZIGBEE

The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of 

a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry 

specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment 

devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications 

between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.

The ZigBee specification is a combination of HomeRF Lite and the 802.15.4 

specification. The spec operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio band - the same band as 

802.11b standard, Bluetooth, microwaves and some other devices. It is capable of 

connecting 255 devices per network. The specification supports data transmission 

rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZigBee's technology is slower 

than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (1 Mbps) but it consumes significantly less 

power.

ZigBee/ General Characteristics:

1 Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz) 

2 Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz), and 20 kbps 

(@868 MHz) 

3 Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%) 

4 CSMA-CA channel access Yields high throughput and low latency for low 

duty cycle devices like sensors and controls 

5 Low power (battery life multi-month to years) 

6 Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh 

7 Addressing space of up to:

- 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address)

- 65,535 networks 

8 Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency 

9 Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability 

10 Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)

4.2.10 GPS

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM:

Of all the applications of GPS, vehicle tracking and navigational systems 

have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS 

fitted cars; ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of 

developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating 

System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset 

Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving 

the operational efficiency and utilization of vehicles. 

The switching off of SA has improved the accuracy of GPS to better than 30 meters, 

which makes it an ideal position sensor for vehicle tracking systems without the 

overhead of DGPS. Fig. 1 gives the block diagram of a DGPS based VTIS.

GPS broadcast signal
Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a Navigation Message at 50 bit/s giving
the time-of-day, GPS week number and satellite health information (all transmitted
in the first part of the message), an ephemeris (transmitted in the second part of the
message) and an almanac (later part of the message). The messages are sent in
frames, each taking 30 seconds to transmit 1500 bits.
The first 6 seconds of every frame contains data describing the satellite clock and its
relationship to GPS system time. The next 12 seconds contain the ephemeris data,
giving the satellite's own precise orbit. The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and
is generally valid for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in
non-nominal conditions. The time needed to acquire the ephemeris is becoming a
significant element of the delay to first position fix, because, as the hardware
becomes more capable, the time to lock onto the satellite signals shrinks, but the
ephemeris data requires 30 seconds (worst case) before it is received, due to the low
data transmission rate.
GPS ANTENNA
We're interested in designing, building, and testing a GPS antenna that would
be implemented on the body or inside of a vehicle. This antenna would be different
than others on the market in that it would not only utilize the L1 frequency (1575.42
MHz), but also the L5 frequency (1176.45 MHz) to be introduced in the future. Our
goal is to also make it interoperable with the European counterpart to GPS, Galileo
which uses 1164–1214 MHz and 1563–1591 MHz bands. In addition, we intend to
gather the specifications for the LNA that would be needed for our specific antenna
based on its gain, impedance, and other characteristics. If time allows, we intend to
design and simulate the LNA using Agilent's Advanced Design System software
package at the end as well.
Benefits:
 Antenna could be used presently because it would be utilizing the
presently available L1 frequency

 L5 frequency will allow compatibility with the modernized GPS
system in the future
 Be interoperable with the Galileo system so receiver would be capable
of working with that system once it’s fully online and functional
 Receiver would need only one antenna for both L1 and L5 frequencies
Features:
 Ability to receive both the presently available L1 frequency and the L5
frequency to be introduced in the future
 Interoperability with the Galileo system would allow receiver
manufacturer to utilize this antenna
Vehicle mounting of antenna would allow navigational tracking capability for any
vehicle

5.1 OVERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

5.1.1 POWER SUPPLY
Block diagram
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which
steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier
then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple
capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some
ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value
even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage
changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular
voltage regulator IC units.

Working principle
The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V)
to (0-9V & 15-0-15V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be
connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp.
The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as
DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

Bridge rectifier
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as
bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners
of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at
point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this
time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through
them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL,
through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is
indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1
and D3.
One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer
reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow
will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the
secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows.
Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow
through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current
develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows
through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge
rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is
that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is
nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.
This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in
views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak
voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits.
In the conventional full-wave circuit shown—in view A, the peak voltage
from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct
at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.
The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never
exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge
rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full
secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across
the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer,
the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional
full-wave rectifier circuit.
IC voltage regulators (7805,7812,7912)
Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC
units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control
device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.
The regulators can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of
milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli watts to
tens of watts.

Air Velocity:
The velocity of an object is its total speed in a particular direction. Since
velocity is defined as a vector, both speed and direction are required to define it.
Velocity is a non physical quantity of an object's motion. Velocity is speed
that has a clearly stated direction. For example, "5 metres per second" is not a
vector, where as "5 meters per second east" is a vector. If the motion is in a straight
line in only one direction, it is the same as speed. The average velocity (v) of an
object moving a displacement (s) in a straight line during a time interval (t) is
described by the formula:

v= s/t

Circuit Description:
 This circuit is designed to measure the Air velocity. The Fan
mechanisam is used to measure the velocity.
The fan is rotating as per the velocity of air and produce the AC voltage signal.
Then the AC voltage signal is rectified to DC by the diode D2. Then the recitified
voltage is filtered by the capacitor C1 and given to invering input terminal of the
comparator. The reference voltage is given to non invering input terminal. The
comparator is desigened by the LM 741 operational amplifier.
The comparator delivered the error voltage at its output which is given to next
stage of gain amplifier in which the variable resistor is connected in the feedback
path by adjusting the resistor we can get the deesired gain. Then the final voltage is
given to microcontroller or other circuit in order to find the Air Velocity.

Encoder:
 In this circuit HT 640 is used as encoder. The 318 encoders are a series of
CMOS LSIs for remote control system application. They are capable of encoding 18
bits of information which consists of N address bit and 18-N data bits. Each
address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out.

Various packages of the 318 encoders offer flexible combination of programmable
address/data is transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared
transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE
trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the 318 series of encoders.
 In this circuit the input signal to be encoded is given to AD7-AD0 input pins of
encoder. Here the input signal may be from key board, parallel port, microcontroller
or any interfacing device. The encoder output address pins are shorted so the output
encoded signal is the combination of (A0-A9) address signal and (D0-D7) data
signal. The output encoded signal is taken from 8th which is connected to RF
transmitter section.
RF Transmitter:
 When ever the high output pulse is given to base of the transistor BF
494, the transistor is conducting so tank circuit is oscillated. The tank circuit is
consists of L2 and C4 generating 433 MHz carrier signal. Then the modulated
signal is given LC filter section. After the filtration the RF modulated signal is
transmitted through antenna.

RF Receiver:
 The RF receiver is used to receive the encoded data which is
transmitted by the RF transmitter. Then the received data is given to transistor
which acts as amplifier. Then the amplified signal is given to carrier demodulator
section in which transistor Q1 is turn on and turn off conducting depends on the
signal.
Due to this the capacitor C14 is charged and discharged so carrier signal is
removed and saw tooth signal is appears across the capacitor. Then this saw tooth
signal is given to comparator. The comparator circuit is constructed by LM558. The
comparator is used to convert the saw tooth signal to exact square pulse. Then the
encoded signal is given to decoder in order to get the decoded original signal.
Decoder:
 In this circuit HT648 is used as decoder. The 318 decoder are a series of
CMOS LSIs for remote control system application. They are paired with 318 series
of encoders. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same
number of address and data format should be selected. The 318 series of decoder
receives serial address and data from that series of encoders that are transmitted by a
carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. It then compares the serial input
data twice continuously with its local address. If no errors or unmatched codes are
encountered, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output
pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.
 The 318 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits of information that consists of
N bits of address and 18-N bits of data. To meet various applications they are
arranged to provide a number of data pins whose range is from 0 t08 and an address
pin whose range is from 8 to 18. In addition, the 3
18 decoders provide various
combinations of address/ data numbering different package.
 In this circuit the received encoded signal is 9th pin of the decoder. Now the
decoder separate the address (A0-A9) and data signal (D0-D7). Then the output data
signal is given to microcontroller or any other interfacing device.

Circuit description:
 This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or any
other load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF is
controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is connected in
the Q2 transistor collector terminal. A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic
switching device which consists of three pins. They are Common, Normally close
(NC) and Normally open (NO).
The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open
(NO) pin connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1
transistors, the transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal
and zero signals is given to base of the Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF
state.
 When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the
transistor is turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor
is conducting and relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal
of relay are shorted. Now load gets the supply voltage through relay.

Circuit description:
The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The buzzer ON and OFF is
controlled by the NPN transistor (BC 547). The buzzer is connected in the
transistor collector terminal.
When high pulse signal is given to base of the transistors it will be turned on
and now alarm get ground so it will be on.
If low pulse is given to the NPN transistor base means it will be off and also
alarm goes to the off state.

5.1.7 RS 232 COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT

In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data 

interconnection between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data 

Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports.

Scope of the Standard:

The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard RS-232-C [3] as of 1969 defines:

 Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing 

and slew-rate of signals, voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, 

maximum stray capacitance and cable length 

 Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin 

identification 

 Functions of each circuit in the interface connector 

 Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications 

The standard does not define such elements as character encoding (for example, 

ASCII, Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of characters in the data stream (bits per 

character, start/stop bits, parity).

6. ADVANTAGE

•      Easy to  implement

•      High accuracy

•      More reliable

7. APPLICATION

Much useful for fishermen

8. CONCLUSION

         The progress in science & technology is a non-stop process. New things and new technology are being invented. As the technology grows day by day, we can imagine about the future in which thing we may occupy every place.

         The proposed system based on Atmel microcontroller is found to be more compact, user friendly and less complex, which can readily be used in order to perform. Several tedious and repetitive tasks. Though it is designed keeping in mind about the need for industry, it can extended for other purposes such as commercial & research applications. Due to the probability of high technology  used this” BORDER ALERT SYSTEM FOR MARINE” is fully software controlled with less hardware circuit. The feature makes this system is the base for future systems.

         The principle of the development of science is that “nothing is impossible”. So we shall look forward to a bright & sophisticated world.

REFERENCES

[1] Pushpita Das, Coastal Security Arrangement: A Case Study of Gujarat and Maharashtra Coasts., IDSA Occasional Paper No.6 ,November 2009

[2] P. K. Ghosh, India’s Coastal Security Challenges and Policy Recommendations., August 2010, ISSUE BRIEF # 22

[3] India’s Coastal Security Profile: The Official View. (Feb 3, 2010)

[4] Hemant Mahajan, Are we safer three years after 26/11? review of coastal security (Feb 3, 2010) [Online]. Available: http://en.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2011/12/12/Coastal-SECURITY.xhtml

          [5] Jinka Nagaraju, Satellite mapping in India to help in fishing (22-11-2011) [Online]. Available: http://indianfisheries.icsf.net/icsf2006/ControllerServlet?handler=EXTERNALNEWS&code=getDetails&id=47511

[6] [Online]. Available: http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/hods/commi_fisheries/schemes-seafisheries-1.htm

 [7] V. Suryanarayan, Challenges of Coastal Security – Tamil Nadu's Case:, December 24, 2009 Paper no. 3565

[8] Ruchika Gupta and BVR Reddy, GPS and GPRS Based Cost Effective Human Tracking System Using Mobile Phones Challenges of Coastal Security – Tamil Nadu's Case:, January-June 2011 Volume 2.